English words of celtic origin. French, Anglo-French, etc.
- English words of celtic origin. brisk clan From clann, children or family. Jun 30, 2023 · Thanks to Celtic words for ‘male sheep, wether’ like Welsh mollt and Irish molt, we may reconstruct the common Celtic word * molto-. Gaelic borrows from English – after all, almost all Gaelic speakers also speak English – but English has also borrowed from Gaelic over the years. Mar 13, 2024 · Cars! One part of the Spanish vocabulary that owes its origin to Celtic people is the set of words related to cars. English has spread across the globe and is now the first language of over 50 countries and the world’s most commonly spoken second language. This list may not reflect recent changes. Some of them might surprise you. For help with pronunciation, see Help:IPA, Help:IPA/Irish, and Irish phonology. Here are some everyday English words that you didn’t realize came from the Irish language. Irish language words used in English in modern Ireland without being assimilated to English forms include: See English language word origins and List of English words of French origin. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. See also Hiberno-English List of English words of Old Irish origin List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin List of English words of Celtic origin Lists of English words of international origin ^ Ó Muirithe, Diarmaid (1992-12-05). See also "List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin", which contains many words which were borrowed via Lowland Scots. refer to the English words which are derived from the Celtic origins. Mar 4, 2023 · The following English words have been acquired either directly from Celtic languages or else indirectly by passing from them into other languages and then into English. [37] 'Celt' is a modern English word, first attested in 1707 in the writing of Edward May 17, 2022 · The English language is considered to be Germanic but is also full of words that originated elsewhere and then arrived via Latin. The Words Dec 1, 2014 · Proponents of the Celtic substrate theory argue that these features are so unusual that they could only have been borrowed into English from Celtic languages. Gaelic, by itself, is sometimes used to refer to Scottish Gaelic, especially in Scotland, and therefore is ambiguous. Lists of English words of Celtic origin refer to the English words which are derived from the Celtic origins. Explore the Celtic origins of the English language with this wiki, containing a list of Celtic words that are still used today! Celtic definition: 1. This is a list of English words borrowed from Scottish Gaelic. Apr 7, 2025 · The online etymology dictionary (etymonline) is the internet's go-to source for quick and reliable accounts of the origin and history of English words, phrases, and idioms. This list also includes neologisms formed from Old English roots and/or particles in later forms of English, and words borrowed into other languages (e. modern German krachen) - from which we get Standard English expressions, such as to crack a joke and wisecrack The meaning of CELTIC is of, relating to, or characteristic of the Celts or their languages. ” What About Grammar? Genetic studies argue that the English population is a mix of Celtic-British and Anglo-Saxon, with the Germanic contribution less than 50%. brat A disagreeable or spoiled child. These lists of English words of Celtic origin include English words derived from Celtic origins. Jan 22, 2021 · Irish words in English: Lots of Irish words and phrases have been absorbed into the English language. " In Irish folklore, the slua or sluagh are said to be restless ghosts or evil spirits, depicted as a flock of birds, who cause trouble for the living by destroying property or killing domestic animals. British Celtic) speakers as they switched language to English following the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon political dominance in Britain. Celtic twilight is from Yeats's name for These lists of English words of Celtic origin include English words derived from Celtic origins. Entries can be categorized here, too, when the proper subcategory is unclear. So are they for the English vocabulary. Old English describes the origins of the English language from around 450 - 1100. The native term for these is béarlachas (Irish pronunciation: [ˈbʲeːɾˠl̪ˠəxəsˠ]), from Béarla, the Irish word for the English language. , from 1707. In total English language has about 600 loanwords from Scandinavian languages. Explore the Celtic origins of the English language with this wiki, containing a list of Celtic words that are still used today! This is a list of English words borrowed from Scottish Gaelic. The word comes from the Irish sluagh, meaning "crowd, throng, army, host. The above feature summarizes some of the also Keltic, 1650s, in archaeology and history, "pertaining to the (ancient) Celts," from French Celtique or Latin Celticus "pertaining to the Celts" (see Celt). ” In Irish folklore, the slua or sluagh are said to be restless ghosts or evil spirits, depicted as a flock of birds, who cause trouble for the living by destroying property or killing domestic animals. The Gaelicised spelling craic was then reborrowed into English. A language where a third of words are French despite the average Englishman being horrified at the id… Jul 8, 2024 · The influence of Scottish Gaelic on English is more significant than many people realize. Curious about their origins? Let’s dive into the rich linguistic connections! List of Celtic words that are still used today The modern English language has evolved greatly over time, taking a lot of inspiration from other languages along the way. List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin This is a list of English words borrowed from Scottish Gaelic. Examples include a number of words for geographical features associated with Scotland such as: ben (beinn) brae (bràigh) corry (coire). English is Germanic in origin, although over half of its words have derived from contact with the Latin and French languages and some from Scandinavian influence. Here’s your comprehensive guide to 100 essential Irish slang words There are 12 meanings listed in OED's entry for the word Celtic, one of which is labelled obsolete. In honour of St Patrick’s Day, here are ten English words of Irish origin and the stories behind them. Celtic languages were viewed as inferior, and words that have survived are usually words with geographical significance, and Some words from the Norwegian language have entered into common English usage. In fact, there are believed to be more words borrowed from Arabic than from all the insular Celtic languages combined. Any List of English words of Scots origin is a list of English language words of Scots origin. Words Mar 10, 2025 · English is full of hidden Irish influences, from words like "brogue" and "whiskey" to phrases like "What’s the story?" and "It’s grand. This list omits words of Celtic origin coming from later forms of Brittonic and intermediate tongues: W. It's similar to the Language origin specialists theorize that the proportion of loanwords in a language is a function of both the length of exposure to and the social status of the borrowed language. [citation needed The social stigma attached to the worth of Celtic languages in British society throughout the last thousand years seems responsible for the dearth of Celtic loan words in the English language, a language renowned for its borrowing of words from many other languages. Apr 25, 2010 · I’ve already blogged about Latin words in the English language, but now it’s the turn of the Celtic languages such as Gaulish, Scots Gaelic, Irish and Welsh (but let's also put in a good word for Cornish). Dec 21, 2024 · Whether you’re planning a trip to the Emerald Isle or just want to understand Irish films and literature better, knowing Irish slang is essential. This is a list of English words derived from the Irish language. Celts lived in tribes, and there were often disputes between neighbouring tribes. Some of these are common in Scottish English and Scots but less so in other varieties of Englis Lists of English words by country or language of origin Part of a series on the English language Features Phonology history Grammar Vocabulary Orthography English alphabet Societal aspects History English-speaking world Commonwealth As a second language teaching As a lingua franca Linguistic purism Dialects (full list) American AAVE Southern Ah, English, a language which is approximately 80-90% a mish-mash of other languages in origin. From the words we use to the way we speak, Gaelic has left a lasting mark on the English language. " Irish grammar, rhythm, and storytelling traditions have shaped the way we speak. A Gaulish descendant of * molto- can offer a source for further words like Italian montone (‘ram’) and French mouton. The word is actually English in origin; it entered into Irish from the English "crack" via Ulster Scots. ; reprinted in Ó Muirithe, Diarmaid (October 2006). This is the word smithers (of obscure origin) with the Irish diminutive ending. 9 (1861/1862), pp. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. [1] These lists of English words of Celtic origin include English words derived from Celtic origins. Possible duplicate of English words of Latin origin: Did they replace existing words? . Celtic meaning: 1. It‘s estimated that 29% of all English words are derived directly from Latin. Pronunciation Database » Sound files for Irish words in the three major dialects Feedback All feedback on the site is very welcome. French, Anglo-French, etc. Explore the Celtic origins of the English language with this wiki, containing a list of Celtic words that are still used today! For a list of Irish words that have been imported into English, see List of English words of Irish origin. These lists of English words of Celtic origin include English words derived from Celtic origins. Few English words are known to come directly from Brittonic. [1] Lists of English words of Celtic origin refer to the English words which are derived from the Celtic origins. The Boston basketball team was founded 1946. 5. Since wagons were mostly made of wood, its meaning evolved from "person who constructs cars" to "woodworker"! After the word 'Celtic' was rediscovered in classical texts, it was applied for the first time to the distinctive culture, history, traditions, and language of the modern Celtic nations – Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, Brittany, and the Isle of Man. Apr 1, 2022 · Shebeen An illicit drinking house with origins in late 18th Century Ireland. Of modern peoples or their other qualities, by mid-19c. English words of French origin English words of Dutch origin English words of Chinese origin English words of Afrikaans origin English words of African origin Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English Published - February 2009 This glossary is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation Find free glossaries at Scottish Gaelic contains several P-Celtic loanwords, but, as there is a far greater overlap in terms of Celtic vocabulary than with English, it is not always possible to disentangle P- and Q-Celtic words. Irish English is a cover term for varieties of English spoken in Ireland—there are a number of shared features in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary across the forms of English throughout the entire island. banshee From bean-sìth, a wailing (female) spirit. com Mar 8, 2016 · English terms that originate from one of the Celtic languages. In most other settings of peoples being conquered by invaders, there's far more retention of the original languages. claymore Apr 16, 2014 · The so-called Celtic hypothesis, that there may have been considerable substratal structural influence from Celtic on English, is summarized, and the reasons why this is not necessarily incompatible with a small number of loanwords are investigated. Learn more. Quiz by allenthalben Mar 10, 2014 · In Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English, I examine how words borrowed from different languages have influenced English throughout its history. There are always exceptions, however. Dec 4, 2024 · Irish loan words in English uncover hidden Gaelic influences in our language. [1] Jan 7, 2025 · However, other more domestic words (such as fork, spade, chest, spider, school, tower, plant, rose, lily, circle, paper, sock, mat, cook, etc) also came into English from Latin during this time, albeit substantially altered and adapted for the Anglo-Saxon ear and tongue. Lists of English words of Celtic origin Mar 13, 2024 · While English has absorbed words from all over the world, it has taken surprisingly few influences from its Celtic neighbours. bog From bog, meaning soft or wet, a bog, swamp or marsh. You might be speaking more Irish than you realize! The modern English language has evolved greatly over time, taking a lot of inspiration from other languages along the way. 2 meanings: 1. So, are words of Celtic origin acceptable to use in Anglish? English–Irish Dictionary (de Bhaldraithe, 1959) » A searchable electronic version of de Bhaldraithe’s English-Irish dictionary Grammar Database » Inflected forms of Irish nouns, verbs, adjectives etc. The word comes from the Irish word ‘síbín’ and is thought to derive from ‘séibín’ (small mug). a branch of the Indo-European family of languages that includes Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton, still spoken in parts. The Celtic Languages Celtic, the language of the inhabitants of Britain and the first about which Brittonicisms in English are the linguistic effects in English attributed to the historical influence of Brittonic (i. In fact, some of the most colourful words in the English language originated across the water in Ireland, or at least have Irish connections. This paper explains the reasons for the percentage of borrowings in the Few English words are known to come directly from Brittonic. Finally, a brief survey is given of loanwords from Celtic languages in the later history of English. However, the exposure of English to Welsh is long (449 AD to present) but the Welsh language had a lower status from the Saxon This is a list of English language words of Welsh language origin. e. Foreign words borrowed into Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic ( gd, Gàidhlig ), also known as Scots Gaelic and Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland. If you know the exact language from which an entry categorized here is derived, please edit its respective entry. Here is a list of the most common foreign language influences in English, where other languages have influenced or contributed words to English. Words that derive from Welsh ; bard … Wikipedia This is a list of Spanish words of Celtic origin. Explore the Celtic origins of the English language with this wiki, containing a list of Celtic words that are still used today! Words that derive from Welsh bard from Welsh bardd, or possibly Goidelic origin balderdash possibly from baldorddu, which was a sweet food mixture made from flour, milk, gelatin and eggs - now known as flummery brock in dialect meaning a badger, from Old British "brokkos" meaning a badger car, cart both Welsh words; originally from Old Celtic karrom, karros. From words emerging from the Irish language via Hiberno-English classics to unexpected words coined by Irish people, this history of Ireland in 90 words covers everything from anatomy and gambling List of English words of Welsh origin — This is a list of English language words of Welsh language origin. These are, for example, Common Brittonic, Gaulish, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, or other languages. ). In Wales, bards were highly respected. Blackmail A form of extortion carried out by the Border Reivers, borrowed into English with less violent connotations. Oct 30, 2024 · English words you never realized have Irish roots The English language has Ireland and the Irish language to thank for these common words. [1] Apr 7, 2020 · 2 What percentage of current English words are of native Anglo-Saxon origin? I have seen stats about how large percentages of the English words currently in use come from French, Latin, or German origins, but I want to know how many truly native words the English language has left. Explore the Celtic origins of the English language with this wiki, containing a list of Celtic words that are still used today! List of English words of Brittonic originFew English words are known to come directly from Brittonic. For a list of Irish words that have been imported into English, see List of English words of Irish origin. [7] In both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, English is the first language in everyday use and, alongside the Irish language, one of two official languages (with Ulster Scots, in Northern Ireland, being yet another local Town names include Dover, ‘water’, Eccles, ‘church’, Kent, Leeds, London and York. ambassador, bound, car, carpenter The Celts were around for several hundred years, meaning that they had a lot of influence and language and culture. [1] basin Present-day Irish has numerous loanwords from English. More can be proven to derive from Gaulish, which arrived through Norman French, often strengthened in form and use by Church/state Latin. Some of these words have alternate etymologies and may also appear on a list of Spanish words from a different language. This paper explains the reasons for the percentage of borrowings in the This is a list of English words derived from the Irish language. Craic, an English word that was adapted into Irish and then re-borrowed into English Hiberno-English Lists of English words of Celtic origin Place names in Ireland These lists of English words of Celtic origin include English words derived from Celtic origins. 11- Bard The word "Bard" (referring to a poet or musician) immediately conjures images of medieval taverns and folk music. List of English words of Celtic origin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A list of English language words derived from Celtic languages. This is a list of English words inherited and derived directly from the Old English stage of the language. bateau, chiffon, gourmet, nordic, etc. In this article, we’ll focus on the words that made it directly into English, without first passing through Latin or any other Germanic or Romance language. It is a result of language contact and bilingualism within a society where there is a dominant, superstrate language (in this case, English) and a minority substrate language with few or no Celtic cognates This section contains words that are cognate in all or some of the modern Celtic languages - Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish and Breton. It contains a wide range of such terms. Jul 21, 2015 · It seems is not so known that English language also have some words of Celtic Origins. tilly (from tuilleadh meaning "a supplement") used to refer to an additional article or amount unpaid for by the purchaser, as a gift from the vendor (OED). As with the Goidelic languages, the Brythonic tongues are close enough for possible derivations from Cumbric, Cornish or Breton in some cases. Jun 1, 2015 · The origin of this word is thought to be the 1670s, or perhaps the even earlier. This is a list of English language words of Welsh language origin. Irish English, or Hiberno-English, has been shaped by centuries of cultural exchange between English and Irish (Gaeilge) languages, resulting in a unique and colorful vocabulary. Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary, such as egg or knife. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. In Scottish Gaelic, these are also known by "briogais" which Scots may refer to as "breeks" nowadays. Apr 13, 2023 · 15 English Words with Interesting Origins The English language has a rich and fascinating history of borrowing and developing its language from across the world. They came to English via Latin May 15, 2014 · Gaelic loandwords in English A motley collection of messages from Email lists - badly in need of tidying up Dec 30, 2019 · The word comes from the Irish sluagh, meaning “crowd, throng, army, host. More recently, though, Celtic words were also introduced into English from Irish Gaelic – bog, brogue, blarney, clan, slogan, whisky. blatant List of Spanish words of Celtic origin This is a list of Spanish words of Celtic origin. In reference to the language group including Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, etc. Carro (car) comes from the Celtic name for a chariot or wagon (think cart in English), as does carpintero (carpenter). Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language, primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England between the mid 9th to the 11th centuries (see also Danelaw). But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the That's a fairly tenuous claim for an "English word of Irish origin". "The Words We Use", The Irish Times, p. Pages in category "Lists of English words of Celtic origin" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence. But no language has had a greater influence on English than Latin. Nov 15, 2022 · Can you name the English Words of Celtic Origin? Test your knowledge on this language quiz and compare your score to others. bard A bard was a poet or storyteller. It is further divided into words that are known (or thought) to have come from Gaulish and those that have come from an undetermined Celtic source. The section concludes with an examination of sheep scoring numerals and their suggested origins. The word seems to come from England through Saxon – probably derived from the Anglo-Saxon verb cracian (cf. It's a traditional Welsh bread with tea, dried fruits, and spices. List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin This is a list of English words borrowed from Scottish Gaelic: bard From bàrd, poet or reciter. Jun 12, 2024 · This is a list of English words borrowed from Scottish Gaelic. The modern English language has evolved greatly over time, taking a lot of inspiration from other languages along the way. of an ancient European people who are related to the Irish, Scots, Welsh, and Bretons, or of…. [13][14] List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin This is a list of English words borrowed from Scottish Gaelic. Explore the Celtic origins of the English language with this wiki, containing a list of Celtic words that are still used today! Oct 16, 2003 · It is a testiment to the linguistic imperialism of the English people that despite 1,500 years of assimilation, acculturation, conquest, and cohabitation so few words of Celtic origin have made their way into the English language. I understand that Anglish prefers native words over foreign ones, but what about words of Celtic origin such as clock, kneeling, bog, slew, slogan, bard, flannel, lawn, & clan? After all, the Celts are the true natives of the British Isles. Abattle cry used by Scottish Highland or Irish clans, it is derived from the Irish sluagh-ghairm, meaning army shout. This is a list of English-language words from the Irish language with links provided to pronunciation in all three primarily Irish dialects, spoken by native Irish speakers, provided by Foras na Gaeilge. They ask why English is the only Germanic language to develop them, but it’s easy to flip this sort of question around. English words borrowed from Celt are less than one hundred and probably more around 60. Irish and Manx are sometimes referred to as Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic (as they are Goidelic or Gaelic languages), but the use of the word Gaelic is unnecessary because the terms Irish and Manx, when used to denote languages, always refer to those languages. Need some examples of words that come from the various Celtic languages? Check out this handy list of words of Celtic origin. See also "List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin", which contains many words which were borrowed via Highland Scots. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from a Celtic source. Here,a list of words of different Celtic languages origins,as taken from wikipedia. From English can Mar 15, 2017 · The English language bears traces of historical contact with Gaelic: we explore Gaelic loanwords, and the influence of Gaelic grammar on English dialects. Words of Scottish or Irish Gaelic origin The following words are of Goidelic origin but it cannot be ascertained whether the source language was Old Irish or one of the modern Goidelic languages. The latter is equivalent to counting the word the in a corpus every time it occurs Aug 21, 2024 · The English and the Irish have a lot that sets them apart but much more that brings them together, not the least of which is language! List of Galician words of Celtic origin This is a list of Galician words of Celtic origin, many of them being shared with Portuguese (sometimes with minor differences) since both languages are from medieval Galician-Portuguese. 106-110 The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. It originally referred to home-brewed whiskey or poitín but eventually came to mean the premises where the drink was sold. This is a list of Spanish words of Celtic origin. Based on the definition, guess the word. g. 3. Although English is a Germanic language, it has a deep connection to Romance languages. Beyond the acquisition of common nouns, there are numerous English toponyms, surnames, personal names or nicknames derived from Welsh (see Celtic toponymy, Celtic onomastics). Jun 18, 2023 · Learn about these words with Carl’s Lingo Kingdom (see attached video), or continue reading now for 13 English words that are connected to Scottish Gaelic. glen (gleann) loch (loch). Contents1 Words of Scottish Gaelic origin2 Words of Scottish or Irish Gaelic origin3 Gaelic words mostly used in Lowland Scots4 Place-name terminology5 See alsoWords of Scottish Gaelic origin Cairn Capercaillie Claymore TrousersBard The 10- Trousers The Gaelic word "triubhas" pronounced like "trews" is reportedly the origin for the English word "trousers". Jul 30, 2007 · Few English words are known to come directly from Brittonic. Hence, there is a long list of Celtic words, or words with Celtic origins, that still exist in the English language. Some common words we use every day, including the name of one of the UK's main political parties, have a surprising origin in Irish. Celtic languages continued to be spoken in other parts of the British Isles, such as Wales, Scotland, Ireland and Cornwall. . Whether it derives from the modern Irish smidrín or is the source of this word is unclear (OED). List of English words of Scots origin is a list of English language words of Scots origin. Note that it matters greatly whether you take an unweighted percentage of words noted in a particular dictionary ( you will get many more Latinate words) or whether you weigh the words by frequency (many more Germanic words). The six modern Celtic languages are divided into two branches: Goidelic and Brythonic. This word comes from an old Celtic word, bardos. If we include words from Latin-based languages like French and Italian, that figure jumps to over 60% of all English vocabulary. Mar 12, 2024 · The language’s influence on modern English is evident and is responsible for many everyday words. This article explores how Gaelic has shaped English vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar, especially in Scotland. This list omits words of Celtic origin coming from later forms of Brittonic and intermediate tongues: See Gaulish (e. Many of the words relate to the climate and culture of Norway, or skiing. We’ll also delve into the unique words that have made their way from Gaelic into everyday Jun 14, 2021 · As a result, Celtic-derived words in Old or Middle English are pretty rare and the only common Celtic place-name element in England, outside Cumbria and the West Country, is “-co (o)mb (e)”, meaning “valley. Words We Use Often Here are some words that are commonly used in English and likely came from Welsh: bara brith This means speckled bread. Abstract Etymology is a branch of linguistics describing the origin of words, their change and development. Only a few English words of Brittonic origin appear to have entered Old English. ambassador, bound, car, carpenter, piece), via Norman/Old French Other Aug 29, 2022 · For English words that originated in Ireland from other sources, see Hiberno-English. List of Celtic words that are still used today The modern English language has evolved greatly over time, taking a lot of inspiration from other languages along the way. Not all of these words are definitely from Norwegian. See full list on langfocus. Click for more definitions. Here are some of our favourites. List of English words of Gaulish origin A list of English Language words derived from the Celtic Gaulish language, entering English via Old Frankish or Vulgar Latin and Old French ambassador from Old French embassadeur, from Latin ambactus, from Gaulish *ambactos, "servant", "henchman", "one who goes about". This category should, ideally, contain only other categories. Drennan, Celtic Etymons of English Words, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, First Series, Vol. This is a list of English language words from the Irish language with links provided to pronunciation in all three primarily Irish dialects, spoken by native Irish speakers, provided by Foras na Gaeilge. This page opens with a brief overview of the ancient Celtic languages after which the question of borrowings from these languages is considered in terms of both Standard English and dialectic forms. To-day the far reaching advances in linguistics and in ELT and EFL oblige us, teachers of English to know well not only the language itself but about the language as well. ) then borrowed back into English (e. Some of these are common in Scottish English and Scots but less so in other varieties of English. Gaul, for example, was also conquered by Germanic peoples but kept its Romance language; there are hundreds of Greek-derived words in The following terms are used in American football and Canadian football, but see also the glossary of Canadian football. 27. cawl A traditional Welsh soup or stew. How to use Celtic in a sentence. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. caddie or caddy canny Also Northern English. 3 Gaelic loanwords in English All languages take words from each other. Hiberno-English[a] or Irish English (IrE), [5] also formerly sometimes called Anglo-Irish, [6] is the set of dialects of English native to the island of Ireland. May 26, 2024 · English is often described as a "borrowing" language, with a rich history of adopting words from other languages. fjhs stc gam ssnbb spe kkatz twfbvn kxihc voft suwns